System and method for synchronizing metadata with audiovisual content

ABSTRACT

An example method comprises receiving, at a first digital device, video data, scanning video content of the video data for visual transitions within the video content between consecutive frames of the video data, each transition indicating significant visual transitions relative to other frames of the video data, timestamping each visual transition and create a first set of temporal video fingerprints, identifying items of metadata to be associated with the video data, identifying a location within the video data using the temporal video fingerprints for the identified items of metadata, generating a metadata index identifying each item of metadata and a location for each item of metadata relative to the video data using at least one of the temporal video fingerprints, and transmitting, at the first digital device, the video data, the first set of temporal video fingerprints, and the metadata index to a different digital device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation In-Part (CIP) of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/546,240, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/900,665, filed Feb. 20, 2018 and entitled“System and Method for Synchronizing Metadata with Audiovisual Content”and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/568,975, filed Oct. 6, 2017 and entitled “System and Method forSynchronizing Metadata with Audiovisual Content,” and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/605,526, filed Aug. 17, 2017 and entitled“System and Method for Synchronizing Metadata with Audiovisual Content,”all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention related generally to thesynchronization of video and audio streams with metadata using out-bandsignaling.

BACKGROUND

Historically, in analog television broadcasting, the locations wherecommercials could be inserted was marked using in-band signaling such asdual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones. DTMF tones can be used toindicate the start and stop times of commercials. These tones may beinserted by the broadcast or cable network and may be sent to localnetworks as part of a network feed. Subsequently, local televisionstations may insert or replace part of the network feed based on theDTMF tones with local content or commercials.

In digital television broadcasting, instead of using DTMF tones, in-bandsignaling (e.g., the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers(SCTE) 35 standard) is often used to signal the insertion of acommercial or other content. SCTE 35 metadata messages have long beenused in the cable and broadcast industry to signal the start of localadvertising breaks. The SCTE 35 Standard has evolved over the yearsthrough multiple revisions to also enable signaling and metadata fordynamic ad insertion, content replacement, blackout, start over, lookback, DVR and live-to-VOD applications.

Metadata may include, for example, broadcaster-specific advertisements,location-specific advertisements, graphical overlays, tickers, timing ofevents within the video (e.g., a goal scored in a sports match), assetidentification (e.g., Entertainment Identifier Registry (EIDR), Ad-ID)and/or the like. However, the SCTE 35 standard is ambiguous in manyplaces with many sections completely optional and as a result there aremultiple ways for the standard to be interpreted. This has resulted in asituation where many content providers that currently use SCTE 35 havedifferent metadata configurations (still technically compliant with theSCTE 35 standard), even though the same temporal point or type ofcontent is being signaled. For example, one content provider may signalthe start of an advertising break using a particular type identifier,whereas another may choose to use a different type identifier where bothtype identifiers are perfectly valid according to SCTE 35. This causesconfusion for distributors, especially those that are receiving contentfrom multiple different content providers (e.g., multichannel videoprogramming distributors (“MVPDs”)).

Synchronization of this metadata with the video timeline is quite oftenlost as the audiovisual content is transmitted, processed and/or storedand as such the usefulness of the metadata degrades significantly. Thiscauses events to be triggered at the wrong point in the contentresulting in a poor on-screen experience for viewers. For example, ifthe SCTE 35 message that is signaling the start of a local advertisingbreak at an MVPD arrives too early, the advertising insertion equipmentwill cut off the end of the previous program segment early. Similarly,if the SCTE 35 message arrives too late, there will be “peek through” ofthe programming that should have been replaced by a local commercial.These problems are hindering the ability for content providers and MVPDsalike to monetize content, especially as it relates to distribution oflinear/live television via the internet.

Further, conversion between different viewing formats and/ortransmission over different distribution channels may result in SCTEsignaling and/or DTMF tones associated with the insertion of commercialsand other visual graphics or audio components being lost. Metadata maybe lost during the processing of audiovisual content, converting theaudiovisual content from analog to digital (or vice versa), videoencoding, video decoding, or changing the resolution of the video. Inanother example, SCTE signaling and/or metadata may be lost changing theframe rating to conform to a particular standard (e.g., high definition,ultra-high definition) or a particular regional requirement (e.g., PAL,NTSC, or the like).

SUMMARY

An example method comprises receiving, at a first digital device, videodata, scanning, at the first digital device, video content of the videodata for visual transitions within the video content between consecutiveframes of the video data, each transition indicating significant visualtransitions relative to other frames of the video data, retrieving, atthe first digital device, a different time for each visual transition totimestamp each visual transition and create a first set of temporalvideo fingerprints, each of the first set of temporal video fingerprintsbeing relative to a different visual transition and the retrieved time,identifying, at the first digital device, items of metadata to beassociated with the video data, identifying, at the first digitaldevice, a location within the video data using the temporal videofingerprints for the identified items of metadata, generating, at thefirst digital device, a metadata index identifying each item of metadataand a location for each item of metadata relative to the video datausing at least one of the temporal video fingerprints, and transmitting,at the first digital device, the video data, the first set of temporalvideo fingerprints, and the metadata index to a different digitaldevice.

Each of the temporal fingerprints may further identify a different frameassociated with a visual transition.

In various embodiments, the method further comprises receiving, at asecond digital device, the video data and the first set of temporalvideo fingerprints, scanning, at the second digital device, the videocontent of the video data for the visual transitions within the videocontent between consecutive frames of the video data, each transitionindicating significant visual transitions relative to other frames ofthe video data, retrieving, at the second digital device, a differenttime for each visual transition to timestamp each visual transition andcreate a second set of temporal video fingerprints, each of the secondset of temporal video fingerprints being relative to a different visualtransition and the retrieved time, comparing, at the second digitaldevice, the first set of temporal video fingerprints and the second setof temporal video fingerprints to determine a time offset and determinea timing difference, and inserting, at the second digital device, atleast one of the items of metadata into the video data using themetadata index and the time offset to create modified video data.

The method may further comprise transmitting, at the second digitaldevice, the modified video data to a user device for playback of themodified video data. In some embodiments, the method may furthercomprise the second digital device playing the modified video data.

In some embodiments, scanning, at the first digital device, the videocontent of the video data for visual transitions within the videocontent between consecutive frames of the video data, each transitionindicating significant visual transitions relative to other frames ofthe video data, comprises calculating histograms STREAM=(h0, h1 . . .hn) for every chroma/luma/color channel where n is the number ofpossible pixel brightness levels for the particular channel and hi isthe count of pixels with value i in each frame of video, calculating asum of absolute differences (SAD) between histogram vectors of everypair of adjacent frames to generate resulting values, and comparing theresulting values to a threshold to identify at least one visualtransition within the video content. The threshold may be a movingaverage of the SAD of histograms from previous frames with a samplewindow of double the video framerate.

In various embodiments, scanning, at the first digital device, the videocontent of the video data for visual transitions within the videocontent between consecutive frames of the video data, each transitionindicating significant visual transitions relative to other frames ofthe video data, comprises decimating the histogram vectors STREAM(A) andSTREAM(B) to the size of 16(H′(A)&H′(B)) as follows: whereSTREAM(A)=(a₀, a₁ . . . a_(n)); H′(A)=(h₀, h₁ . . . h₁₅)

$h_{i} = {\sum\limits_{j = \frac{i{({n + 1})}}{16}}^{\frac{{({i + 1})}{({n + 1})}}{16} - 1}a_{j}}$the result of this subtraction is used as a temporal video fingerprint.

Scanning, at the second digital device, the video content of the videodata for visual transitions within the video content between consecutiveframes of the video data, each transition indicating significant visualtransitions relative to other frames of the video data, may comprisecalculating histograms STREAM=(h0, h1 . . . hn) for everychroma/luma/color channel where n is the number of possible pixelbrightness levels for the particular channel and hi is the count ofpixels with value i in each frame of video, calculating a sum ofabsolute differences (SAD) between histogram vectors of every pair ofadjacent frames to generate resulting values, and comparing theresulting values to a threshold to identify at least one visualtransition within the video content.

In some embodiments, inserting, at the second digital device, at leastone of the items of metadata into the video data using the metadataindex and the time offset to create modified video data comprisesadjusting audio of the video data.

An example system may include a first digital device including one ormore first processors and memory, the memory containing instructionsexecutable by at least one of the one or more first processors to:receive video data, scan video content of the video data for visualtransitions within the video content between consecutive frames of thevideo data, each transition indicating significant visual transitionsrelative to other frames of the video data, retrieve a different timefor each visual transition to timestamp each visual transition andcreate a first set of temporal video fingerprints, each of the first setof temporal video fingerprints being relative to a different visualtransition and the retrieved time, identify items of metadata to beassociated with the video data, identify a location within the videodata using the temporal video fingerprints for the identified items ofmetadata, generate a metadata index identifying each item of metadataand a location for each item of the metadata relative to the video datausing at least one of the temporal video fingerprints, and transmit thevideo data, the first set of temporal video fingerprints, and themetadata index to a different digital device.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a second digitaldevice including one or more second processors and memory, the memorycontaining instructions executable by at least one of the one or moresecond processors to: receive the video data and the first set oftemporal video fingerprints, scan the video content of the video datafor the visual transitions within the video content between consecutiveframes of the video data, each transition indicating significant visualtransitions relative to other frames of the video data, retrieve adifferent time for each visual transition to timestamp each visualtransition and create a second set of temporal video fingerprints, eachof the second set of temporal video fingerprints being relative to adifferent visual transition and the retrieved time, compare the firstset of temporal video fingerprints and the second set of temporal videofingerprints to determine a time offset and determine a timingdifference, and insert at least one of the items of metadata into thevideo data using the metadata index and the time offset to createmodified video data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an example audiovisual broadcastsystem capable of providing synchronizing of audio and/or video streamas well as metadata using out-band signaling according to someembodiments.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an example first broadcast systemaccording to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of an example second broadcast systemaccording to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a video broadcasting method of a firstbroadcast server according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of an audio broadcasting method of the firstbroadcast server according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of a video broadcasting method of a secondbroadcast server local stock image upload method according to someembodiments.

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart of an audio broadcasting method of the secondbroadcast server according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart of re-synchronization of video method of thesecond broadcast server according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of correcting lip sync method of the secondbroadcast server according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10 depicts a block diagram of an example a digital device accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 11 shows a transmit stream conveyed by a source node of and areceive stream in a destination node containing markers embedded in asource node conveying timing information used to determine propagationdelays at a destination

FIG. 12 depicts a block diagram of an example implementation of contentdelivery in a video production system that uses markers describedaccording to another embodiment of the invention for augmenting receivedvideo streams that improves content placement in streams.

FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram of an example implementation of a VideoCloud (VC) platform.

FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of a video delivery system that usesmetadata markers to augment received streams at the VC platform.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments described herein provide for re-synchronizing metadataat any point downstream of an original transmission. There are manyother benefits including but not limited to: lip-sync error correction(where the audio and video are out of sync), application of customgraphic overlays at any point prior to presentation, continuousmeasurement of transmission delay, synchronization of the audiovisualcontent to a stream of data sent via another path (e.g., the internet),auditing delivery of the audiovisual content to a particular point,synchronization of a disaster recovery broadcast origination with themain broadcast origination, application of synchronized timecode atmultiple independent receive locations, and/or custom formatting ofmetadata to suit the needs of a distributor or viewer or other entityprocessing or viewing the content.

Embodiments of systems and methods are described for synchronizingmetadata with audio and/or visual content at any number of points in acontent delivery path. Temporal fingerprints may be generated at certainpoints of the audio and video, such as when an abrupt transition (orwhen a full cut) between successive frames of video takes place. Thetemporal fingerprints may be identified and sent out of band (e.g., viathe internet), and/or may be stored in a network-based storage, such asthe cloud. Temporal fingerprints may refer to temporal videofingerprints, temporal audio fingerprints, or temporal multimediafingerprints. As discussed herein, temporal video fingerprints includetimestamps associated with transitions or changes of content withinvideo data. Video data may include video content. Video data mayoptionally include audio content (e.g., a YouTube video may be videodata). Temporal audio fingerprints include timestamps associated withtransitions or change of content within audio data (e.g., an audiofile).

The temporal fingerprints may be utilized to signal positions withinaudio and/or video for insertion of metadata. In some embodiments,metadata may be used to signal precise times of events within theaudiovisual content, for example, the start of an advertisement or aprogram. Metadata may also be used to signal the type of content (e.g.an advertisement, a chapter or an advertising break) as well as morespecific information such as an event ID or characteristics of aparticular scene.

In some embodiments, the temporal fingerprints may be generated by afirst broadcast server and then sent from the first broadcast server toa second broadcast server, independent of the audio and/or video dataitself (e.g., independent of the audio and/or video file). The audioand/or video data may be sent from the first broadcast server to thesecond broadcast server via a satellite, antenna, or any other means.The second broadcast server may receive the audio and/or video data andgenerate its own temporal fingerprints from the audio and/or video data.It will be appreciated that the temporal fingerprints may be generatedby both the first and second broadcast servers, independently.

Although the timestamps for the temporal fingerprints generated by thefirst and second broadcast servers may be different, the positions ofthe temporal fingerprints relative to the audio and/or video data may bethe same (or substantially the same). For example, if the firstbroadcast server generated timestamps associated with transitions of avideo using a GPS system and a second broadcast server generated its owntimestamps associated with the same transitions within the same videoreceived from the first broadcast server eight hours later, then thetimestamps of the second broadcast server will be eight hours after thetimestamps of the first broadcast server. As such, time betweentimestamps of the two sets of temporal fingerprints may be consistent.

By matching the temporal fingerprints generated by the differentbroadcast servers and determining time differences between the temporalfingerprints, elapsed time can be determined. The elapsed time mayrepresent time for transmission and processing of the audio and/or videosignal by different recipients. The elapsed time may be utilized, inconjunction with the temporal fingerprints, to synchronize audio and/orvideo data (e.g., for consistent and precise insertion of metadata).

In addition to the ability to synchronize metadata, temporalfingerprints may be used to synchronize a broadcast with different enduser devices. For example, a user may bring a smart phone displaying aparticular football game, within listening range of a televisionbroadcasting the same football game. In this example, the smart phonemay generate audio temporal fingerprints from the sound of thetelevision broadcast, and determine the elapsed time (e.g., delay)between the broadcast of the audio on the television to the receipt andprocessing by the smart phone. Using this information, the smart phonemay be able to successfully synchronize the broadcast of the footballgame to the smart phone.

Some embodiments may also be used to synchronize two (or more)independent broadcast feeds, which may be useful for disaster recoveryor purposes of redundancy. In case of natural disaster, for example, itmay be necessary to have two independent broadcast feeds becomesynchronized if one fails to broadcast. To avoid interruption to thebroadcast feed, it may be necessary to switch from one broadcast feed toanother. By having each of the independent broadcast servers generatetemporal fingerprints, the delay between the two broadcast feeds can bedetermined and the broadcasts can be locked together.

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an example audiovisual broadcastsystem capable of providing synchronization of audio and/or video dataas well as metadata using out-band signaling according to someembodiments. The audiovisual broadcast system 100 includes a firstbroadcast system 102, a second broadcast system 104, a satellite system106, a network-based storage 108, and a user system 110.

A broadcast system includes any number of digital devices that broadcast(e.g., transmit) audio and/or video to any number of receivers (e.g.,any number of user devices 110 and/or any number of other broadcastsystems). In some embodiments, a broadcast system may transmit audioand/or video data to other broadcaster systems that may, subsequently,further broadcast the audio and/or video data.

A broadcast system may, in some embodiments, receive and capture audioand/or video content for transmission. For example, a broadcast systemmay record a football game or other live event for broadcasting. Thebroadcast system may transmit the programming or any other audio and/orvideo data to others. Although broadcast systems are depicted in FIG. 1,there may be multicast systems, narrowcast systems, and/or any otherdigital devices that transmit audio and/or video data that are inaddition to or in place of one or more broadcast systems.

In some embodiments, first broadcast system 102 may capture audio and/orvideo data for viewing by the users on user system 110. Subsequent tothe capture of the audio and/or video content (e.g., to generate audioand/or video data based on the content), the first broadcast system 102may determine video transitions from the video component of theaudiovisual broadcast and generate temporal video fingerprints by timestamping each video transition. Video transition indicates changes inthe video (e.g., including color changes, movement, and/or the like inthe video content).

The first broadcast system may generate timestamps using any clock(e.g., a GPS system). In some embodiments, the first broadcast systemmay utilize a clock that is available to one or more other digitaldevices (e.g., the second broadcast system 104 and/or the user device(s)110).

The first broadcast system 102 may determine metadata to be insertedinto the video content and generate a metadata index identifyingmetadata and a position for the metadata within the video content of thevideo data. For example, the first broadcast system 102 may determinethat a particular advertisement should be inserted fifteen frames aftera particular temporal fingerprint (e.g., after a particular timestamp)or should be inserted half a second after the particular temporalfingerprint. The first broadcast system 102 may include a metadataidentifier identifying the particular advertisement and the insertionpoint in the temporal index.

The first broadcast system 102 may transmit the temporal videofingerprints, metadata, and/or metadata index to network-based storage108 at any time (e.g., after the temporal video fingerprints aregenerated), any number of user devices 110, and/or any number of secondbroadcast systems 104. The audiovisual broadcast (e.g., the audio and/orvideo data) may be transmitted to second broadcast system 104 over afirst network at any time (e.g., before or after first broadcast system102 identifies audio and/or video transitions).

The first broadcast system 102 may determine video metadata timestampsrelative to temporal video fingerprints. For example, the firstbroadcast system 102 may determine commercial insertion points in thevideo content relative to any number of temporal video fingerprints(e.g., relative to timestamps associated with video transitions in thecontent).

Packaged video metadata may be determined using the video metadatafingerprints. In some embodiments, first broadcast system 102 maytransmit the packaged video metadata after the metadata is packaged. Insome embodiments, first broadcast system 102 may generate a videometadata index using packaged video metadata.

The first broadcast system 102 may transmit the audio and/or video datato the second broadcast system 104 over a first network and/or anynumber of networks. In some embodiments, first broadcast system 102 maytransmit the video metadata to second broadcast system 104 over a secondnetwork to network-based storage 108.

The second broadcast system 104 may receive the audio and/or video datato the second broadcast system 104. The second broadcast system 104 mayreceive the metadata index, temporal fingerprints generated by the firstbroadcast system 102, and metadata from the first broadcast system 104.It will be appreciated that the second broadcast system 104 may receivethe audio and/or video data over a first network and may receive themetadata index, temporal fingerprints, and metadata over a differentnetwork (or any number of networks). As such, the second broadcastsystem 104 may receive the metadata index, temporal fingerprints, andmetadata over a different network or connection.

The second broadcast system may determine temporal fingerprints of thevideo content of the audio and/or video data using methods similar tofirst broadcast system 102. For example, the second broadcast system maydetermine video transitions from the video component of the audiovisualbroadcast and generate temporal video fingerprints by time stamping eachvideo transition. Video transition indicates changes in the video (e.g.,including color changes, movement, and/or the like in the videocontent).

The second broadcast system 104 may generate timestamps using any clock(e.g., a GPS system). In some embodiments, the second broadcast system104 may utilize a clock that is available to one or more other digitaldevices (e.g., the first broadcast system 102 and/or the user device(s)110).

It will be appreciated that video content may not change or may notsignificantly change regardless of formatting, compression, conversion,and/or any other transmission process. In order for viewers to enjoy thesame programming, the video content of the program is the same (orsubstantially the same) regardless of medium, device, or channel. Forexample, size, speed, or enhancements to a presentation of a program maychange, but the video content itself may not change unless it is adifferent program (otherwise the viewer is no longer watching the sameprogram). As such, video transitions within the video content areconsistent through the broadcast system regardless of which viewer iswatching the video.

The second broadcast system 104 may match temporal fingerprintsgenerated by the second broadcast system 104 with the temporalfingerprints generated by the first broadcast system 102 to synchronizethe audio and/or video data. By matching the temporal fingerprintsgenerated by first broadcast system 102 and second broadcast system 104,an elapsed time can be determined using the timestamps of the two setsof temporal fingerprints.

The second broadcast system 104 may use timing of the timestamps todetermine the correct location within the audio and/or video data formetadata (e.g., based on the metadata index). The second broadcastsystem 104 may insert video associated with the video metadata into thelocation of the audio and/or video data and display and/or transmit themodified audio and/or video data to the user system(s) 110 and/or otherbroadcast systems over any number of networks.

First broadcast system 102 may transmit the video content, along withthe metadata over the first network. The first broadcast system 102 may,in some embodiments, provide the temporal fingerprints generated by thefirst broadcast system 102 to the second broadcast system 104 in anynumber of ways (e.g., via the first network, a different network, or adifferent path on the same network). In various embodiments, the firstnetwork may include satellite communications provided by the satellitesystem 106. The satellite system may include any number of satellitesconfigured to receive and transmit data (e.g., audio and/or video data,metadata, temporal fingerprints, and/or the like) from a broadcastsystem to any number of digital devices or systems (e.g., to a secondbroadcast system 104). Second broadcast system 104 may transmit thevideo content to user system 110 over a network (e.g., internet,satellite system 106, and/or any other networks).

The satellite system 106 includes one or more satellites. In someembodiments, the satellite system 106 may include other forms ofelectronic communication including wired or wireless network. It will beappreciated that the satellite system 106 may be any medium that canconvey video and audio data using electromagnetic waves, whether guided(using wires) or unguided (without wires) or any storage medium whethermagnetic, optical or in silicon.

The optional network-based storage 108 may store metadata (e.g.,advertisements, graphics, video, audio, and/or the like) from firstbroadcast 102 and/or from any other digital devices. In someembodiments, network-based storage 108 may store temporal videofingerprints from the first broadcast system 102. In some embodiments,network-based storage 108 may store audio metadata and/or temporal audiofingerprints from first broadcast system 102. The network-based storage108 may include any number of logical and/or hardware storage devices.Although only a single network-based storage 108 is depicted in FIG. 1,it will be appreciated that there may be any number of network-basedstorage 108.

In various embodiments, the network-based storage 108 may generate afirst video fingerprint index from video fingerprints from firstbroadcast system 102 and store the first video fingerprint index innetwork-based storage 108. In some embodiments, network-based storage108 may be omitted, and first video fingerprint index may be stored inthe first broadcast system 102.

In some embodiments, the user system 110 may be or include one or moremobile devices (e.g., smartphones, cell phones, smartwatches, tabletcomputers, or the like), desktop computers, laptop computers,televisions and/or the like. In the illustrated embodiment, secondbroadcast system 104 provides the modified audio and/or video content(e.g., including metadata inserted by the second broadcast system 104)to user system 110. In various embodiments, the user system 110 mayreceive the audio and/or video content for display to a user.

In various embodiments, the user system 110 may determine its owntemporal fingerprints using methods similar to the first broadcastsystem 102 and the second broadcast system 104. The user system 110 mayreceive previously generated temporal fingerprints from the first and/orsecond broadcast systems in any number of ways (e.g., over a network ora network communication path that is different than a network or anetwork communication path that was utilized to provide the audio and/orvideo content to the user system 110).

By matching the temporal fingerprints generated by second broadcastsystem 104 and/or user system 110 with temporal fingerprints generatedby the user system 110, the user system may synchronize the modifiedaudio and/or video data for further precision with metadata (e.g., forlip synchronization, audio synchronization, metadata synchronization,and/or the like). In various embodiments, the user system 110 mayreceive all or some of the metadata identified by the first broadcastsystem 102 and/or all or some of the metadata index. The user system 110may synchronize or reposition metadata (e.g., audio, advertisements,and/or the like) using the identified metadata and/or the metadataindex.

In the illustrated embodiment, two broadcast systems are shown, in otherembodiments, audiovisual broadcast system 100 may comprise three or morebroadcast system which may function similarly to first broadcast system102 or second broadcast system 104.

Although some embodiments described herein utilize the temporalfingerprints to assist in determining or identifying locations formetadata, it will be appreciated that synchronization of video based onvideo content has a myriad of uses.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of the first broadcast system 102according to some embodiments. The first broadcast system 102 includes acontroller engine 202, a communication engine 204, a transitiondetection engine 206, a timing engine 208, a packet engine 210, a mediafingerprint datastore 212, a metadata store 214 and a metadata engine216. An engine may be hardware (e.g., an ASIC), software (e.g.,including instructions executable by a processor), or a combination ofboth.

The controller engine 202 may manage one or more of the various enginesshown in FIG. 2. For example, the controller engine 202 may direct thetransition detection engine 206 to detect abrupt transitions betweensuccessive frames of video or abrupt transitions in the audio betweensuccessive moments in time. The controller engine 202 may direct thetiming engine 208 to timestamp video transitions to generate temporalvideo fingerprints utilizing a Global Positioning System (GPS) clock totimestamp the audio and/or video transitions detected by transitiondetection engine 206. In another example, the controller engine 202 maydirect the packet engine 210 to package temporal fingerprints with anetwork identifier. A network identifier may identify the broadcastnetwork associated with the audio and/or video content. The controllerengine 202 may be configured to facilitate communication engine 204 totransmit the video fingerprint or video metadata to network-basedstorage 108.

The communication engine 204 may transmit and/or receive data. Forexample, the communication engine 204 may transmit data between firstbroadcast system 102 and satellite system 106, and between firstbroadcast system 102 and network-based storage 108.

The transition detection engine 206 may scan audio and/or video data todetect transitions between successive frames of video or transitions inthe audio between successive moments in time. In various embodiments,the transition detection engine 206 may scan through a video or audiocomponent to identify video or audio transitions. In one example, thetransition detection engine 206 detects one or more transitions withinvideo content (e.g., abrupt changes in color, brightness, and/or thelike). In some embodiments, the transition detection engine 206 maydetect one or more transitions within audio content (e.g., abruptchanges in volume or sound(s) after a period of silence). A video oraudio component of the audiovisual broadcast may be transmitted tosecond broadcast system 104 over the first network at any time before orafter transition detection engine 206 identifies video or audiotransitions.

Once any number of audio or video transitions have been detected, thetransition detection engine 206 may send a request to the timing engine208 for clock values (e.g., based on a GPS clock) to timestamp the audioor video transition. Timing engine 208 may receive the request from thetransition detection engine 206 to create one or more temporal audiofingerprints or one or more temporal video fingerprints.

Video transitions may be detected and/or determined in any number ofways. In one example, the transition detection engine 206 may determinevideo transitions between successive frames of video with the followingsteps: 1) for each frame of video, the transition detection engine 206may calculate histograms STREAM=(h₀, h₁ . . . h_(n)) for everychroma/luma/color channel where n is the number of possible pixelbrightness levels for the particular channel and h_(i) is the count ofpixels with value i in each frame of video. For example, if YUV colorspace is used with 8 bits of depth there would be three histogramscreated for each video frame:STREAM=STREAM(h ₀ ,h _(1;) ,h ₂₅₅)H _(U) =H _(U)(h ₀ ,h _(1;) ,h ₂₅₅)H _(U) =H _(V)(h ₀ ,h _(1;) ,h ₂₅₅)

2) the transition detection engine 206 may calculate a sum of absolutedifferences (SAD) is calculated between the histogram vectors of everypair of adjacent frames. For two histogram vectors A=(a₀, a₁ . . .a_(n)) and B=(b₀, b₁ . . . b_(n)) the sum of absolute differences is:

${{SAD}\left( {A,B} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n}{{a_{i} - b_{i}}}}$

The resulting value quantifies a similarity of two adjacent frames; themore similar the frames are, the closer the value is to zero. Thetransition detection engine 206 may compare this value to a threshold ormoving average of the SAD of histograms from previous frames with asample window of double the video framerate. In one example, when thevalue is 20-30 times higher than the moving average, a suitable pair offrames may be found. It will be appreciated that transitions may bedetermined based on any comparison of the value with a reference (e.g.,moving average). For example, if the value is significantly higher(e.g., two more times higher) than the value, a transition may bedetermined.

3) “Abrupt transitions” between frames A and B may be the basis fortemporal fingerprints, calculated in this example by the transitiondetection engine 206 as follows: a) the histogram vectors STREAM(A) andSTREAM(B) may be decimated to the size of 16(H′(A)&H′(B)) as follows:where STREAM(A)=(a₀, a₁ . . . a_(n)); H′(A)=(h₀, h₁ . . . h₁₅)

$h_{i} = {\sum\limits_{j = \frac{i{({n + 1})}}{16}}^{\frac{{({i + 1})}{({n + 1})}}{16} - 1}a_{j}}$

b) the resulting 16-dimensional vectors are subtracted as matrices, andthe result of this subtraction is used as a temporal video fingerprint.

The timing engine 208 may be configured to generate a timestampassociated with an audio or video transition detected by the transitiondetection engine 206 to generate temporal fingerprint. When the timingengine 208 receives a request from the transition detection engine 206for the current time, the timing engine 208 may retrieve a clock signalor time (e.g., according to the GPS clock) to timestamp the audio orvideo transition. In various embodiments, timing engine 208 may providethe current time according to a UNIX clock or any other clock. It willbe appreciated that the timing engine 308 may provide the current timein any number of ways (e.g., according to Coordinated Universal Time(UTC)).

The packet engine 210 may package the timestamp and/or networkidentifier together. In various embodiments, the packet engine 210 maypackage an audio and/or video data identifier (i.e., an identifier thatidentifies audio data, video data, or the like). In some embodiments,the packet engine 210 may package metadata, timestamp, and/or networkidentifier together. The network identifier may identify the broadcastnetwork associated with the audio and/or video data (e.g., the broadcastsystem or network associated with generating the audio and/or videodata, generating the initial temporal fingerprints, and/or the like).

In some embodiments, the network identifier may be used to informationused to identify the show, such as production code. Network identifiersmay be used by the first broadcast system 102 and second broadcastsystem 104 during the comparison of temporal video fingerprints. Forexample, the network identifier received from first broadcast system 102may match the network identifier generated by second broadcast system104. Once a video temporal fingerprint has been packaged, it may be sentby the first network to network-based storage 108, the second broadcastsystem 104, and/or any number of user systems 110. In some embodiments,the packet engine 210 may package video transitions, audio transitions,timestamps, and/or the network identifier.

The media fingerprint datastore 212 may be or may include any structureand/or structures suitable for storing data entries or records (e.g., anactive database, a relational database, a self-referential database, atable, a matrix, an array, a flat file, a documented-orientated storagesystem, a non-relational No-SQL system, an FTS-management system such asLucene/Solar, and the like). Media fingerprints may store packaged audioand/or video fingerprints. In some embodiments, media fingerprintdatastore 212 may store audio fingerprint index and/or video fingerprintindex.

The metadata engine 216 may be configured to determine locations withinthe audio and/or video data associated or for metadata. In one example,the metadata engine 216 may utilize a video metadata timestamp relativeto a temporal video fingerprint. For example, metadata engine 216 maydetermine that video metadata (e.g., a title, length, start time, and/orthe like of a car commercial) may be inserted at, for example, 1 frameor at specific times (e.g., 1/30^(th) of a second), after a particulartemporal video fingerprint. The metadata engine 216 may associated thevideo metadata with a video file of the car commercial. The video fileof the car commercial in this example may be stored in metadatadatastore 214 and/or another digital device. In other embodiments, thevideo metadata may be stored in network-based storage 108. Similarly,metadata engine 216 may be configured to determine an audio metadatatimestamp relative to a temporal audio fingerprint.

The metadata engine 216 may generate an audio or video metadata indexusing the audio or video metadata respectively. The metadata index mayinclude metadata identifiers associated with temporal fingerprints(e.g., timestamps) of audio and/or video data (e.g., of a particularaudio and/or video file). In some embodiments, the metadata index mayinclude an audio and/or video data identifier that identifiers the audioand/or video data. The metadata index may include metadata identifiersand temporal fingerprints associated with any number of different audioand/or video files. Although the metadata index is identified as anindex, it will be appreciated that any data structure (e.g., a table)may be utilized to store the information.

The metadata datastore 214 may be or may include any structure and/orstructures suitable for storing data entries or records (e.g., an activedatabase, a relational database, a self-referential database, a table, amatrix, an array, a flat file, a documented-orientated storage system, anon-relational No-SQL system, an FTS-management system such asLucene/Solar, and the like). The metadata datastore 214 may store audioand/or video metadata associated with respective temporal audio and/orvideo temporal fingerprint. In some embodiments, metadata datastore 214may store a hyperlink to a video and/or audio file stored in anotherlocation, or on the world wide web.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of second broadcast system 104 accordingto some embodiments. The second broadcast system 104 may receive audioand/or video data from the first broadcast system 102 and generatetemporal fingerprints in a manner similar to that of the first broadcastsystem 102. The second broadcast system 104 may also receive thetemporal fingerprints from the first broadcast system, compare the twosets of temporal fingerprints to synchronize the audio and/or video dataand determine locations associated with or to insert metadata. Thesecond broadcast system 104 may retrieve the metadata from any number ofstorage devices or receive the metadata (e.g., from the first broadcastsystem 102 or network-based storage 108). The second broadcast system104 may subsequently broadcast the modified audio and/or video data(e.g., the audio and/or video data with the inserted metadata) to otherbroadcast systems and/or digital devices (e.g., user devices 110).

The second broadcast system 104 may include a controller engine 302, acommunication engine 304, a transition detection engine 305, a timingengine 308, a packet engine 310, a media fingerprint datastore 312, acomparison engine 314, a media engine 316, and a metadata datastore 316.Although FIG. 3 depicts the second broadcast system 104, any number ofthe engines and/or datastores, as well as their functions, may beperformed by a user device 110 (e.g., for synchronization of audioand/or video data, insertion of metadata, correcting locations ofmetadata, lip synchronization, audio synchronization, metadatasynchronization, and/or the like).

The controller engine 302 may manage one or more of the various enginesshown in FIG. 3. For example, the controller engine 302 may direct thetransition detection engine 306 to detect abrupt transitions betweensuccessive frames of video or abrupt transitions in the audio betweensuccessive moments in time. The controller engine 302 may direct thetiming engine 308 to timestamp video transitions to generate temporalvideo fingerprints utilizing a Global Positioning System (GPS) clock totimestamp the audio and/or video transitions detected by transitiondetection engine 306. In another example, the controller engine 202 maydirect the comparison engine 314 to compare temporal fingerprintsreceived from first broadcast system 102 with temporal fingerprintsdetected by transition detection engine 306.

The communication engine 304 may transmit data between second broadcastsystem 104 and network-based storage 108 and/or between second broadcastsystem 104 and user systems 110.

The transition detection engine 306 of the second broadcast system 104may be similar to the transition detection engine 206 of the firstbroadcast system 102. The transition detection engine 306 may scan audioand/or video data to detect transitions between successive frames ofvideo or transitions in the audio between successive moments in time. Invarious embodiments, the transition detection engine 306 may scanthrough a video or audio component to identify video or audiotransitions. In one example, the transition detection engine 306 detectsone or more transitions within video content (e.g., abrupt changes incolor, brightness, and/or the like). In some embodiments, the transitiondetection engine 306 may detect one or more transitions within audiocontent (e.g., abrupt changes in volume or sound(s) after a period ofsilence).

Once any number of audio or video transitions have been detected, thetransition detection engine 306 may send a request to the timing engine308 for clock values (e.g., based on a GPS clock) to timestamp the audioor video transition. The timing engine 308 may receive the request fromtransition detection engine 306 to create one or more temporal audiofingerprints or one or more temporal video fingerprints.

Video transitions may be detected and/or determined in any number ofways. in some embodiments, the transition detection engine 306 detectsand/or determines video transitions within video data using the methoddescribed regarding the transition detection engine 206 discussedherein.

The timing engine 308 may be configured to generate a timestampassociated with an audio or video transition detected by the transitiondetection engine 306 to generate temporal fingerprint. When the timingengine 308 receives a request from the transition detection engine 306for the current time, the timing engine 308 may retrieve a clock signalor time (e.g., according to the GPS clock) to timestamp the audio orvideo transition. In various embodiments, timing engine 308 may providethe current time according to a UNIX clock or any other clock. It willbe appreciated that the timing engine 308 may provide the current timein any number of ways (e.g., according to Coordinated Universal Time(UTC)).

The packet engine 310 may package the timestamp and/or networkidentifier together. In various embodiments, the packet engine 310 maypackage an audio and/or video data identifier (i.e., an identifier thatidentifies audio data, video data, or the like). In some embodiments,the packet engine 310 may package metadata, timestamp, and/or networkidentifier together. The network identifier may identify the broadcastnetwork associated with the audio and/or video data (e.g., the broadcastsystem or network associated with generating the audio and/or videodata, generating the initial temporal fingerprints, and/or the like).

Once a video temporal fingerprint has been packaged, it may be sent toany number of digital devices (e.g., other broadcast systems and/orother user systems 110). In some embodiments, the packet engine 310 maypackage video transitions, audio transitions, timestamps, and/or thenetwork identifier.

The media fingerprint datastore 312 may be or include any structureand/or structures suitable for storing data entries or records (e.g., anactive database, a relational database, a self-referential database, atable, a matrix, an array, a flat file, a documented-orientated storagesystem, a non-relational No-SQL system, an FTS-management system such asLucene/Solar, and the like). The media fingerprint datastore 312 maystore temporal fingerprints (e.g., audio fingerprints, videofingerprints, and/or multimedia fingerprints.

The comparison engine 314 may be configured to compare the temporalfingerprints received from first broadcast system 102 with the temporalfingerprints generated by the transition detection engine 306. When thesame transitions are detected by transition detection engine 306, thedifference between the timestamp of the two temporal fingerprints may bedetermined. This difference, also referred to as the time offset, may beused to synchronize audio and/or video for consistent and preciseinsertion of metadata, correct lip sync issues and two independentbroadcast feeds which may be useful for disaster recovery.

In other embodiments, comparison engine 314 may be configured to detectaudio transitions received from first broadcast system 102 with audiotransitions detected by transition detection 306.

The metadata engine 316 may be configured to identify metadata using themetadata index (e.g., received from the first broadcast system 102) aswell as identify one or more locations within the audio and/or videodata for the identified metadata (e.g., to insert or adjust theidentified metadata relative to the audio and/or video data). Forexample, the metadata engine 316 may identify one or more locationswithin the audio and/or video data based on the temporal fingerprintsgenerated by the second broadcast system 104, the comparison of thetemporal fingerprints (e.g., based on the time offset), and/or number offrames before or after any number of abrupt transitions within the videocontent of the audio and/or video data.

In various embodiments, the first broadcast system 102 may be configuredto inform the metadata engine 316 of the video to associate with aparticular video metadata timestamp. The second broadcast system 104 mayreplace video (e.g., a commercial) associated with the particular videometadata timestamp with a different video (e.g., a differentcommercial). In some embodiments, the metadata engine 316 may generatean audio or video metadata index using the audio or video metadatafingerprints respectively. Similarly, the metadata engine 316 may beconfigured to determine an audio metadata timestamp relative to atemporal audio fingerprint, and associate an audio file with the audiometadata timestamp.

The metadata datastore 318 may be or include any structure and/orstructures suitable for storing data entries or records (e.g., an activedatabase, a relational database, a self-referential database, a table, amatrix, an array, a flat file, a documented-orientated storage system, anon-relational No-SQL system, an FTS-management system such asLucene/Solar, and the like). The metadata datastore 316 may store audioand/or video data associated with their respective temporal audio and/orvideo metadata fingerprint. In some embodiments, metadata datastore 318may store a hyperlink to a video and/or audio file stored in anotherlocation, or on the world wide web.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of a first video broadcasting method 400utilizing the first broadcast system 102 according to some embodiments.In step 402, the first broadcast system 102 may receive the videocomponent of the audiovisual broadcast (e.g., video data that includesaudio). The first broadcast system 102 may receive audio and/or videocontent as part of a live broadcast and/or generate audio and/or videodata.

In step 404, the transition detection engine 206 may scan through thevideo component of the audiovisual broadcast to identify videotransitions. The transition detection engine 206 may be configured toidentify video transitions by scanning through the video component ofthe audiovisual broadcast until the end of the program or show or overany portion of the program or show.

It will be appreciated that the video component of the audiovisualbroadcast may be transmitted to the second broadcast system 104 and/oruser devices 110 over the first network via the satellite system 106 atany time before or after the transition detection engine 206 identifiesvideo transitions. In one example, such as a live broadcast, the firstbroadcast system 102 may send the video component of the audiovisualbroadcast before the transition detection engine 206 identifies videotransitions. In another example, the first broadcast system 102 may senda segment of the video component of the audiovisual broadcast after ithas been scanned by transition detection engine 206. The transitiondetection engine 206 may determine the video histogram for everychroma/luma/color channel and calculate a sum of absolute differencesbetween the histogram vectors of every pair of adjacent frames. Forexample, the transition detection engine 206 may detect video transition‘A’ at the beginning of frame 150, video transition ‘B’ at the beginningof frame 234 and video transition ‘C’ at the beginning of frame 357.

In step 406, for each detected video transition, the timing engine 208may generate a timestamp based on the current time according to the GPSclock to timestamp the video transition. For example, the timing engine208 may generate a timestamp of a current time X1 for video transition‘A.’ In one example, the timing engine 208 may provide the current timeaccording to an UNIX clock. It will be appreciated that the timingengine 208 may retrieve a time for the timestamp(s) from any source(e.g., according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)).

In step 408, the metadata engine 216 determines specific metadata suchas a commercial or other metadata relative to a temporal videofingerprint. For example, the video metadata associated with, forexample, a car commercial may be placed 100 frames after videotransition ‘A’ or 16 frames after video transition ‘B.’ In anotherexample, the video metadata may be placed 32 milliseconds after videotransition ‘A’ or 28 milliseconds before video transition ‘B.’

In some embodiments, upon determination of the relative frame positionof the video metadata relative to one or more temporal videofingerprints, a video metadata timestamp may be determined. There maynot be a video metadata timestamp associated with every temporalfingerprint, but each video metadata maybe associated with more than onetemporal video fingerprints.

In various embodiments, the metadata engine 216 creates a metadata indexidentifying metadata and associating different identified metadata withpositions in the audio and/or video data using the temporal timestamps.

In step 410, the packet engine 210 may package the temporal timestampsand network identifier together. The network identifier may be used bysecond broadcast system 104 during the comparison of temporalfingerprints (e.g., by the second broadcast system 104 and/or userdevice(s) 110). The network identifier of the temporal video fingerprintfrom the first broadcast 102 and the temporal video fingerprint from thesecond broadcast 104 may be compared to ensure that the temporalfingerprints are from the same audiovisual broadcast and forsynchronization.

In step 412, the packet engine 210 may package metadata and the networkidentifier together. Similar to the network identifier associated withpackaging temporal fingerprints, the network identifier may be used toensure that the metadata is being inserted into the correct audiovisualbroadcast. In various embodiments, packaging the metadata, temporaltimestamps, metadata index, or the like is optional. It will beappreciated that the metadata, temporal timestamps, metadata index, orthe like may be sent individually, together, or in any combination toanother digital device.

In step 414, the communication engine 204 may transmit the audio and/orvideo data over the first network to the satellite system 106. In otherembodiments, the communication engine 204 may transmit the audio and/orvideo data over the first network to user system 110 via satellitesystem 106. In various embodiments, the first network may includesatellite communications provided by satellite system 106. In otherembodiments, the first network may include wired or wireless computernetwork.

In step 416, the communication engine 204 may transmit the temporalfingerprints, metadata index, and/or metadata over the second network tonetwork-based storage 108. In some embodiments, the communication engine204 may be transmit the temporal fingerprints, metadata index, and/ormetadata over the second network to user system 110 and/or the secondbroadcast system 104. The second network may represent a different bandor connection to the receiving device(s).

It will be appreciated that the first broadcast system 102 may provideany portion of the audio and/or video data as well as portions temporalfingerprints, a portion of the metadata index, and/or any metadata atany time including during scanning and before the determination of alltemporal fingerprints of the same audio and/or video file is complete.The first broadcast system 102 may complete scanning all or a portion ofthe video component of the audiovisual broadcast, identify additionalvideo transitions, and package the additional temporal fingerprints andmetadata.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of a first audio broadcasting method 500 offirst broadcast system 102 according to some embodiments. In step 502,the first broadcast system 102 may receive audio data (e.g., an audiofile).

In step 504, the transition detection engine 206 may scan through anyportion of an audio component of the audio broadcast (or an audio/videobroadcast) to identify audio transitions. For example, the transitiondetection engine 206 may detect audio transition ‘A’, audio transition‘B’ and audio transition ‘C’. In various embodiments, the audiocomponent of the audiovisual broadcast may be transmitted to the secondbroadcast system 104 over the first network via satellite system 106 atany time before or after transition detection engine 206 identifiesaudio transitions.

The transition detection engine 206 may determine audio transitionsbetween successive moments in time. In one example:

-   -   1) The transition detection engine 206 may downmix audio to a        monaural signal by adding corresponding samples. In the downmix        process, a common downmix formula may be applied where the        center channel(s) may be taken at −3 dB, LS, RS at −6 dB, LFE        channel discarded. The transition detection engine 206 may        choose a time interval for binning in such manner as to: a)        produce an integer number that is a multiple of 16 of digital        audio signal samples for this interval given the original        sampling rate of the signal; b) have the time interval that is        several times lower than the duration of one video frame of the        content. For example, in a scenario with 48 kHz sampled PCM        audio with 30 frame per second video, the transition detection        engine 206 may choose 10 ms, which may result in 480 samples per        interval (16×30), and approximately 3 intervals per frame.    -   2) The transition detection engine 206 may split continuous        digital audio amplitude samples into sections representing the        selected time interval. Each section may be converted from        time-domain to frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform        algorithm, and the resulting vector may be decimated into 16        bins by summing adjacent results up. In the example with 480        sample segments, bin 0 may be sum of FFT result values 0 through        29, and so on.    -   3) The transition detection engine 206 may analyze a sequence of        resulting 16-dimensional vectors, and abrupt audio transitions        may be detected by evaluating the sum of absolute differences        between the vectors calculated from adjacent intervals, in the        same or similar manner as described in step 1b for video        fingerprints.    -   4) Once the abrupt transitions are identified, they may become        the basis for audio temporal fingerprints, that include both        16-dimensional vectors calculated based on adjacent time        intervals.

The timing engine 208 may retrieve a clock signal (e.g., according tothe GPS clock) to create a timestamp for each audio transition. In someembodiments, the transition detection engine 206 creates the timestampusing a clock signal from the timing engine 208 to generate a temporalaudio fingerprint. For example, the timing engine 208 may receive therequest from transition detection engine 206 of audio transition ‘A’ andsend the current time of X4. In some embodiments, the timing engine 208may provide the current time according to an UNIX clock. In otherembodiments, timing engine 208 may provide the current time according toUTC.

In step 508, the metadata engine 216 determines location of metadataassociated with a commercial or other metadata relative to one or moretemporal audio fingerprints. For example, audio metadata associatedwith, for example, a sportscaster's commentary may be placed 2 secondsafter audio transition ‘A’ or 16 frames after audio transition ‘B.’

Upon determination of the relative position of the metadata relative toone or more temporal audio fingerprint, the audio metadata timestamp oran index identifier for the metadata can be determined. There may not bean audio metadata timestamp associated with every temporal fingerprint,but each audio metadata maybe associated with more than one temporalaudio fingerprint.

In step 510, the packet engine 210 may be optionally configured topackage the temporal audio fingerprints and network identifier together.The network identifier may be used by the second broadcast system 104during the comparison of temporal audio fingerprints. The networkidentifier of the temporal audio fingerprint from the first broadcast102 and the temporal video fingerprint from the second broadcast 104 maybe compared to ensure that the temporal fingerprints are from the sameaudiovisual broadcast.

In step 512, the packet engine 210 may optionally be configured topackage audio metadata, temporal fingerprints, and/or network identifiertogether. Similar to the network identifier associated with packagingtemporal audio fingerprints, the network identifier may be used toensure that the metadata is being inserted into the correct audiovisualbroadcast.

In step 514, the audio data may be transmitted over the first network tothe second broadcast system 104 via the satellite system 106. In otherembodiments, the audio data may be transmitted over the first network touser system 110. In some embodiments, after transition detection engine206 detects an audio transition, such as in step 504, the section ofaudio that has already been scanned may be transmitted.

In step 516, the temporal audio fingerprints may be transmitted over thesecond network to network-based storage 108. In other embodiments, thetemporal audio fingerprints may be transmitted over the second networkto the user system 110.

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of a second video broadcasting method 600 ofsecond broadcast server 104 according to some embodiments. In step 602,the second broadcast system 104 may receive the audio and/or video datafrom the first broadcast system 102 (e.g., via the satellite system106).

In step 604, the transition detection engine 306 may scan through anyportion of the video component of the video and/or audio data toidentify video transitions. In various embodiments, the video and/oraudio data may be transmitted to the user system 110 over the firstnetwork via satellite system 106 at any time before or after transitiondetection engine 306 identifies video transitions. Similar to step 404of first video broadcasting method 400, the transition detection engine306 may detect the same video transitions in step 604. For example, thetransition detection engine 306 may detect video transition ‘A’ at thebeginning of frame 150, video transition ‘B’ at the beginning of frame234 and video transition ‘C’ at the beginning of frame 357.

Once a video transition has been detected, the timing engine 308 mayretrieve a current time according to the GPS clock to timestamp thevideo transition in step 606. The timing engine 308 may receive arequest and transmit the current time to the transition detection engine306. The transition detection engine 306 may receive the current timeand associate the received time to generate a temporal videofingerprint. For example, the timing engine 308 may receive the requestfrom the transition detection engine 306 of video transition ‘A’ andsend the current time of X1+Y1. Where Y1 represents the time elapsedbetween the first broadcast system 102 detect the video transition,generate the temporal video fingerprint, package the temporal videofingerprint with the network identifier, transmit the package to secondbroadcast system 104, the second broadcast system 104 detect the videotransition and generate the temporal video fingerprint.

For live audiovisual broadcast, the time elapsed may represent thetransmission and processing time of the audio and/or video content. Foron-demand broadcast, users of user system 110 may select audio and/orvideo content when they choose rather than at the specific broadcasttime. Y1, in this case, may represent the time elapsed to process theaudio and/or video content as well as the time between the originalbroadcast and when the user chooses to access the audio and/or videocontent.

In step 608, the comparison engine 314 may compare the temporal videofingerprint received from first broadcast system 102 with temporal videofingerprints generated from transition detection engine 306. It will beappreciated that the second broadcast system 104 may receive thetemporal fingerprints generated by the first broadcast system 102 in anynumber of ways. In some embodiments, the comparison engine 314 mayrequire some number of consecutive matches between temporal videofingerprints from first broadcast system 102 and second broadcast system104 with matching timestamp deltas to determine the time offset of thevideo component of the audiovisual broadcast. A timestamp delta may bethe time difference between consecutive temporal video fingerprints.

In step 610, the comparison engine 314 determines the time offsetbetween the temporal video fingerprint(s) from first broadcast system102 and the temporal video fingerprint(s) of the second broadcast system104.

Once the time offset has been determined, metadata may be inserted intothe video component of the video and/or audio data in step 612. Thesecond broadcast system 104 may insert a video according to the metadatasent by first broadcast system 102 or retrievable from network storage.In some embodiments, second broadcast system 104 may replace previouslyexisting metadata with other metadata chosen by the second broadcastsystem 104. In some embodiments, video metadata may point to a videofile stored in network-based storage 108. In other embodiments, videometadata may include a hyperlink, a video graphic, a graphic interchangeformat (GIF), or the like. Once metadata is added to the video and/oraudio data, the resulting combination may be referred to as modifiedvideo and/or audio data.

In step 614, the modified video and/or audio data may be transmittedover the first network to user system 110 (e.g., via satellite system106). In some embodiments, after the transition detection engine 306detects a video transition, such as in step 604, the section of videothat has already been scanned may be transmitted over the first network.In various embodiments, the first network may include satellitecommunications provided by satellite system 106. In other embodiments,the first network may include wired or wireless computer network.

In step 616, the temporal video fingerprint and video metadata may beoptionally transmitted over the second network to network-based storage108.

The second broadcast system 104 may finish scanning the video componentof the audiovisual broadcast and identify the video transitions andpackage the video fingerprints and video metadata.

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart of a second audio broadcasting method 700 ofsecond broadcast server 104 according to some embodiments. In step 702,the second broadcast system 104 may receive the audio data from thefirst broadcast system 102.

In step 704, the transition detection engine 306 may scan through theaudio data (or an audio component of audio/video data) to identify audiotransitions. The transition detection engine 306 may identify audiotransitions by scanning through any portion of the audio component ofthe audiovisual broadcast. In various embodiments, the audio componentof the audiovisual broadcast may be transmitted to user system 110 overthe first network at any time before or after transition detectionengine 306 identifies audio transitions. Similar to step 504 of firstaudio broadcasting method 500, the transition detection engine 306 maydetect the same audio transitions in step 704. For example, thetransition detection engine 306 may detect audio transition ‘A’

Once an audio transition has been detected, the timing engine 308 mayretrieve the current time according to the GPS clock to timestamp theaudio transition. The timing engine 308 or the transition detectionengine 306 may receive the current time and associated the received timeto generate a temporal audio fingerprint. For example, the timing engine308 may receive the request from transition detection engine 306 ofaudio transition ‘A’ and send the current time of X4+Y2. Where Y2represents the time elapsed between when the first broadcast system 102detected the audio transition, the first broadcast system 102 generatedthe temporal audio fingerprint, the first broadcast system 102 packagedthe temporal audio fingerprint with the network identifier, the firstbroadcast system 102 transmitted the package to second broadcast system104, and the second broadcast system 104 detected the audio transitionand generate the temporal audio fingerprint.

For live audiovisual broadcast, the time elapsed may represent thetransmission and processing time of the audio and/or video content. Foron-demand broadcast, the user system 110 may select audio and/or videocontent when they choose rather than at the specific broadcast time. Y2,in this case, represents the time elapsed to process the audio and/orvideo content as well as the time between the original broadcast andwhen the user chooses to access the audio and/or video content.

In step 708, the comparison engine 314 compares the temporal audiofingerprint received from first broadcast system 102 with temporal audiofingerprints generated from the transition detection engine 306. In someembodiments, the comparison engine 314 may require some number ofconsecutive matches between temporal audio fingerprints from the firstbroadcast system 102 and the temporal audio fingerprints from the secondbroadcast system 104. As discussed herein, matching timestamp deltas maybe used to determine the time offset of the audio component of theaudiovisual broadcast. A timestamp delta may be the time differencebetween consecutive temporal audio fingerprints.

In step 710, the comparison engine 314 may determine the time offsetbetween the temporal audio fingerprint from the first broadcast system102 and the second broadcast system 104.

Once the time offset has been determined, audio metadata may be insertedinto the audio component of the audiovisual broadcast in step 712. Thesecond broadcast system 104 may insert an audio according to the audiometadata sent by the first broadcast system 102. In other embodiments,the second broadcast system 104 may replace an entry from the audiometadata with audio chosen by the second broadcast system 104. In someembodiments, audio metadata may point to an audio file stored innetwork-based storage 108. In other embodiments, audio metadata mayinclude a hyperlink or the like.

In step 714, the audio component of the audiovisual broadcast may betransmitted over the first network to user system 110. In someembodiments, after transition detection engine 306 detects an audiotransition, such as in step 704, the section of audio that has alreadybeen scanned may be transmitted over the first network. In variousembodiments, the first network may include satellite communicationsprovided by satellite system 106. In other embodiments, the firstnetwork may include wired or wireless computer network.

In step 716, the temporal audio fingerprint and audio metadata may beoptionally transmitted over the second network to network-based storage108.

The second broadcast system 104 may complete scanning of all or aportion of the audio component of the audiovisual broadcast, mayidentify the audio transitions, and may package the audio fingerprintsand audio metadata.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart of re-synchronization of video method 800 ofthe second broadcast server 104 according to some embodiments. In step802, the first broadcast system 102 generates temporal videofingerprints. This is similar to steps 404, 406, 408 and 412 of firstvideo broadcasting method 400 of FIG. 4. The transition detection engine206 of the first broadcast system 102 may scan through any portion ofthe video component of the audiovisual broadcast to identify videotransitions. When a video transition is detected, the transitiondetection engine 206 may send a request to the timing engine 208 for thecurrent time according to the GPS clock to timestamp the videotransition. The timing engine 208 may receive this request and transmitthe current time to the transition detection engine 206. The transitiondetection engine 206 may receive the current time and associate thereceived time to generate the temporal video fingerprint. The packetengine 210 may package the video transition, timestamp and networkidentifier together.

In step 804, the communication engine 204 may transmit the temporalvideo fingerprint to network-based storage 108.

In step 806, similar to step 802, the second broadcast system 104generates temporal video fingerprints. This is similar to steps 604,606, 608 and 612 of second video broadcasting method 600 of FIG. 6. Thetransition detection engine 306 of the second broadcast system 104 mayscan through any portion of the video component of the audiovisualbroadcast to identify video transitions. When a video transition isdetected, the transition detection engine 306 may send a request totiming engine 308 for the current time according to the GPS clock totimestamp the video transition. The timing engine 308 may receive thisrequest and transmit the current time to the transition detection engine306. The transition detection engine 306 may receive the current timeand associate the received time to generate the temporal videofingerprint. The packet engine 310 may be configured to package thevideo transition, timestamp and network identifier together.

As the second broadcast system 104 generates video temporalfingerprints, the second broadcast system 104 may retrieve temporalvideo fingerprints from network-based storage 108 over the secondnetwork in step 808.

In step 810, the comparison engine 314 compares the temporal videofingerprint received from first broadcast system 102 with temporal videofingerprints generated from transition detection engine 306 to findvideo fingerprints that match for synchronization.

In step 812, the comparison engine 314 may match temporal videofingerprints. In some embodiments, the comparison engine 314 may requiresome number of consecutive matches between temporal video fingerprintsfrom first broadcast system 102 and second broadcast system 104 withmatching timestamp deltas to determine the time offset of the videocomponent of the audiovisual broadcast.

In step 814, the comparison engine 314 determines the time offsetbetween the temporal video fingerprint(s) from first broadcast system102 and the temporal video fingerprint(s) generated by second broadcastsystem 104.

In step 816, the media engine 316 utilizes the time offset tore-synchronize the video metadata and video component on the secondbroadcast system 104.

FIG. 9 depicts a flowchart of correcting lip sync method 900 of thesecond broadcast server 104 according to some embodiments. Steps 902thru 914 are similar to those of steps 802 thru 814 of FIG. 8. Forexample, in step 902, the first broadcast system 102 receivesaudiovisual broadcast (e.g., video data with audio) and generatestemporal video fingerprints. The transition detection engine 206 of thefirst broadcast system 102 may scan through any portion of theaudiovisual broadcast to identify video transitions. When a videotransition is detected, the timing engine 208 may retrieve a timeaccording to the GPS clock to timestamp the video transition. The timingengine 208 or the transition detection engine 206 may generate thetemporal video fingerprint.

In step 904, the communication engine 204 may transmit the temporalvideo fingerprint to network-based storage 108.

In step 906, the second broadcast system 104 generates temporal videofingerprints. This is similar to steps 604, 606, 608 and 612 of secondvideo broadcasting method 600 of FIG. 6. The transition detection engine306 of the second broadcast system 104 may scan through any portion ofthe video data to identify video transitions. When a video transition isdetected, the timing engine 308 may retrieve the current time accordingto the GPS clock to timestamp the video transition. The timing engine308 or the transition detection engine 306 may utilize the timeretrieved by the timing engine 308 to generate the temporal videofingerprint.

As the second broadcast system 104 generates video temporalfingerprints, the second broadcast system 104 may retrieve temporalvideo fingerprints from network-based storage 108 over the secondnetwork in step 808.

In step 910, the comparison engine 314 compares the temporal videofingerprint received from first broadcast system 102 with temporal videofingerprints generated from transition detection engine 306 to findvideo fingerprints that match for synchronization.

In step 912, the comparison engine 314 may match temporal videofingerprints. In some embodiments, the comparison engine 314 may requiresome number of consecutive matches between temporal video fingerprintsfrom first broadcast system 102 and second broadcast system 104 withmatching timestamp deltas to determine the time offset of the videocomponent of the audiovisual broadcast.

In step 914, the comparison engine 314 determines the time offsetbetween the temporal video fingerprint(s) from first broadcast system102 and the temporal video fingerprint(s) generated by second broadcastsystem 104.

In step 916, the transition detection engine 206 may scan through theaudio component of the audiovisual broadcast to identify audiotransitions. The timing engine 208 may retrieve the time according tothe GPS clock to timestamp the audio transition. The timing engine 208and/or the transition detection engine 206 may utilize the retrievedtime to generate a temporal audio fingerprint.

In step 918, the communication engine 204 may be configured to transmitthe temporal audio fingerprint to network-based storage 108.

In step 920, similar to step 916, the second broadcast system 104generates temporal audio fingerprints. This may be similar to steps 704,706, 708 and 712 of second audio broadcasting method 700 of FIG. 7. Thetransition detection engine 306 of second broadcast system 104 may scanthrough any portion or all of the audio component of the audiovisualbroadcast to identify audio transitions. When an audio transition isdetected, the timing engine 308 for the current time according to theGPS clock to timestamp the audio transition. The timing engine 308 orthe transition detection engine 306 may utilize the retrieved time togenerate the temporal audio fingerprint.

As the second broadcast system 104 generates audio temporalfingerprints, second broadcast system 104 may retrieve temporal audiofingerprints from network-based storage 108 over the second network, asseen in step 922.

In step 924, the comparison engine 314 compares the temporal audiofingerprint received from first broadcast system 102 via network-basedstorage 108 with temporal audio fingerprints generated from transitiondetection engine 306 to find audio fingerprints which match.

In step 926, the comparison engine 314 may match temporal audiofingerprints. In some embodiments, the comparison engine 314 may requiresome number of consecutive matches between temporal audio fingerprintsfrom the first broadcast system 102 and the second broadcast system 104with matching timestamp deltas to determine the time offset of the audiocomponent of the audiovisual broadcast.

In step 928, the comparison engine 314 determines the time offsetbetween the temporal audio fingerprint from the first broadcast system102 and the second broadcast system 104.

In step 930, the comparison engine 314 takes the video timing offsetdetermined in step 914 and audio timing offset determined in step 928 tocalculate the lip synchronization offset.

In step 932, the second broadcast system 104 corrects the lipsynchronization utilizing the lip synchronization offset.

In the presented embodiments, the audiovisual broadcast system 100includes two broadcast systems. In other embodiments, the audiovisualbroadcast system 100 may include three or more broadcast systems whichmay function similarly to first broadcast system 102 or second broadcastsystem 104.

FIG. 10 depicts a block diagram of an example a digital device 1002according to some embodiments. Any user system 102 may comprise aninstance of a digital device 1002 (e.g., a computing device). Thedigital device 1002 comprises a processor 1004, memory 1006, storage1008, an input device 1010, a communication network interface 1012, andan output device 1014.

The processor 1004 may be configured to execute executable instructions(e.g., programs). In some embodiments, the processor 1004 comprisescircuitry or any processor capable of processing the executableinstructions.

The memory 1006 stores data. Some examples of memory 1006 includestorage devices, such as RAM, ROM, RAM cache, virtual memory, etc. Invarious embodiments, working data is stored within memory 1006. The datawithin memory 1006 may be cleared or ultimately transferred to storage1008.

The storage 1008 includes any storage configured to retrieve and storedata. Some examples of the storage 1008 includes flash drives, harddrives, optical drives, and/or magnetic tape. Each of memory system 1006and the storage system 1008 may comprise a computer-readable medium,which stores instructions or programs executable by processor 1004.

The input device 1010 is any device that inputs data (e.g., mouse,keyboard, stylus).

The output device 1014 outputs data (e.g., speaker, display, virtualreality headset). It will be appreciated that the storage 1008, inputdevice 1010 and output device 1014 may be optional. For example,routers/switchers may comprise processor 1004 and memory 1006 as well asa device to receive and output data (e.g., communication networkinterface 1012 and/or output device 1014).

The communication network interface 1012 may be coupled to a network(e.g. network-based storage 108 or satellite system 106) via acommunication network interface 1012. The communication networkinterface 1012 may support communication over an Ethernet connection, aserial connection, a parallel connection, and/or an ATA connection.Communication network interface 1012 may also support wirelesscommunication (e.g., 1102.11 a/b/g/n, WiMax, LTE, WiFi). It will beapparent that communication network interface 1012 may support manywired and wireless standards.

An engine may be hardware or software. In some embodiments, the enginemay configure one or more processors to perform functions associatedwith the engine. Although different engines are discussed herein, itwill be appreciated that the server system 106 may include any number ofengine performing any or all functionality discussed herein.

According to the present invention, received video streams at an inputport of a video production system' processing component for example at avideo ingest node such as a server are augmented by correction ofincorrect information conveyed by metadata in the received video streamsbefore augmented video streams are transported or otherwise distributedover a network to a consumer node or another video processing component.This is because metadata messages in the received video streams canconvey wrong timing information. For example, such wrong timinginformation can sometimes reference or address an incorrect location orposition of video frames contained in the received streams, which islikely to result in disjointed video switches because the switchingoccurs on a wrong video frame. This can happen as a result of delays andinaccuracies, or other errors that occur during processing of the videostreams.

As described in connection with FIGS. 1-10, incorrect insertion ofmetadata with specific points in time in incoming audiovisual signalsstreams containing multi-media content can be corrected by detectingchanges or transitions in the audiovisual signal itself. While streamedmulti-media content contains both video and audio data, such streamingis often referred to as video streaming or streaming with theunderstanding that streams carry both video and audio data. Thisspecification refers to multi-media streaming, video streaming andstreaming interchangeably.

Under one arrangement, a received stream carrying content is augmentedby being processed or otherwise scanned at a video processing componentof a production system to 1) determine timings of conveyed metadata inthe received streams associated with video frames in the received streamand 2) create temporal video fingerprints representing values thatcontain time information for each of a set of visual transitions ofsignificance, such as scene changes which can be determined based onvideo frame attributes, e.g., chroma/luma/color values. As used herein,a temporal video fingerprint references or otherwise addresses ametadata item conveyed in an augmented stream. A set of metadata itemsis associated with a set of metadata indexes to reference or addressvideo frames with corresponding temporal video fingerprints, which canbe any value derived from attributes assigned to the visual signalitself. In this way, metadata can be synchronized with video contentcorrectly using temporal video fingerprints which reference or addressvideo frames where scene changes occur. For example, when one continuouscamera shot or video frame sequence ends and another begins, drasticinter-picture change is introduced between two adjacent video frames,which is identified as a scene change.

Because most useful metadata such as the start of a program, the startof an ad break or the start of an individual advertisement takes placewith a scene change, inaccurate or erroneous associations of metadatacan be corrected by detecting scene changes and comparing them withconveyed metadata timing associations or assertions in the receivedstreams before conveying the streams with correct metadata timingassociations or assertions. In one embodiment, metadata can besynchronized with audiovisual content using temporal fingerprintswithout the metadata being carried in-band with the stream. Instead, themetadata can be delivered to a destination node out-of-band before thestream arrives. This is because the amount of transmitted out-of-bandmetadata is small compared to much larger amount of video stream whichhas to be processed (i.e. compressed) before distribution which addsseconds of delay to the propagation time. Therefore using temporalfingerprinting in addition to scene change detections means that as longas the processing and propagation delay of the video is longer than thescene change detection plus the propagation of the out of band metadata,errors in metadata timing assertions can be corrected based on thefingerprints without any additional delay to the video being added. Inother words, the video data itself does not need to be transmitted alongwith the temporal fingerprints. Instead, out of band temporalfingerprinting can be used to detect transitions in order to correctmis-timed metadata.

Accordingly, a method for transmitting a stream that contains videocontent from a source node to a destination node receives the stream atthe source node. The stream is scanned for visual transitions ofsignificance within the video content. The method creates temporal videofingerprints that indicate scene changes in the video content based onthe visual transitions of significance. Metadata is then associated withthe temporal video fingerprints, before transmitting the stream to thedestination node in-band. The metadata associated with the temporalfingerprints, however, is transmitted to the destination nodeout-of-band channel. The video stream and the set of temporal videofingerprints and the metadata index can be either transmitted over thesame channel, e.g., a cable channel or different channels, e.g., asatellite channel and a terrestrial channel. A timestamp associated witheach visual transition can be used to determine a delay at the one ormore destination nodes, where the delay is used to synchronize items ofmetadata associated with specific frames at the one or more source nodeswith items of metadata associated with the same specific frames at theone or more destination nodes.

Moreover, in another example, a video stream that contains video contentcomprising frames associated with metadata is received at a node, wherethe video content is scanned for transitions between consecutive framessuch that each transition indicates significant visual transitionrelative to other frames of the video data, for example a scene change.Under this arrangement, the video stream is also scanned for identifiedmetadata associated with one or more specific frames, where theassociation of the identified metadata to the same one or more specificframes is modified based on significant visual transitions such that themodification synchronizes metadata associated with specific frames atone or more source nodes with metadata associated with the same specificframes at one or more destination nodes.

Another embodiment of the invention described in connection with FIGS.11-14 relates to a system and method for augmenting received streamsmade up of a series of video frames using frame-accurate markersinserted at a source node that convey information for correctly placingcontent in augmented streams received at a destination node. Amongothers, examples of markers used in the present invention includewatermarks and markers that use formats standardized by the Society ofCable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE), the Society of Motion Pictureand Television Engineers (SMPTE) or the Moving Picture Experts Group(MPEG) as further described below. Such markers contain metadatacarrying messages indicative of timing, location, position or address ofa video frame that direct content placement, such as ad placement. Asused herein, a marker can be any readable information used in a videostream, e.g., timing, name, type, identification code (ID). Such markerconveys frame accurate readable information in metadata messages. Themarkers contain metadata that can convey various information in messagesused to synchronize metadata at a destination node that receivesconveyed streams originated at a source node. In one example, markerscontain metadata comprising messages that convey timing information usedto accurately place content in correct video frames at the destinationnode. A frame accurate marker can be used to augment the receivedstreams, for example, to enable addressable advertising. Thisarrangement can use digital video processing to determine the timelineof a received video stream in order to frame-accurately associate orre-associate marker metadata with video frames in a correspondingaugmented video stream at the destination node. In another example,markers contain metadata to identify an upcoming segment of audiovisualcontent such as an advertisement or group of advertisements (“an adbreak”) in advance so that an ad decision system can determine suitablereplacement content.

The method executed by the present invention requires identifying framesin a stream for placement of content, such as an advertisement, beforegenerating a frame-accurate marker for an identified frame. Such markeris associated with a timestamp from an accurate time reference.Sequences of markers and their associated timestamps from a source nodeat a transmit location are read at destination nodes at receivelocations in order to determine a transmission delay between thetransmit location and each individual receive location. In this way, avideo transmission and/or storage delay between a remote client and atransmitted video component or content of communicated by the streamscan be used to correct metadata at a destination node. This method canbe used to re-synchronize metadata at any receive location with that ofa transmit location or synchronize other data with streams taking intoaccount the dynamically measured transmission and/or storage delay ofthe stream between the source node and each destination node based onthe markers. The system continuously measures the difference intransmission and/or storage delays for the video component of thestreams between the source node at a transmit site and one or moredestination nodes at corresponding receive locations/sites. This measureindicates exactly what content was delivered to one or more destinationnodes and when. For example, the present invention can be used inconjunction with the playlist or schedule of a broadcast system tosynchronize metadata or other data from external sources with thebroadcast at on one or more separate devices for the purposes ofcreating a synchronized interactive capability with the broadcast.

Watermarking formats have been used for copyright protection and assettracking. A watermark is known as a kind of marker that is covertly orovertly embedded in a noise-tolerant signal in a video frame or imagedata. Such watermark can be opaque or transparent so as to not interferewith an image conveyed by the video frame itself. Since watermarks aremodifications to individual video frames, their association to thetiming of the video essence is necessarily frame accurate.

FIG. 11 shows a transmit stream conveyed by a source node of a networkand a receive stream in a destination node of the same network includewatermarks inserted in video frames. Watermarks can be applied to occuron one or a sequence of frames. A watermark can overlap a video framewhere it can cover the entire dimension of the video frame, sit in thecenter of the video frame, or rest neatly in one of the corners of thevideo frame or occupy a whole or part of one or more lines in the frame.Such watermark inserted into the streams at a source node can be used tosynchronize content placement at a destination node, which readsconveyed synchronization information in the watermark. Each watermarkconveys timing information for example using time stamps A-D. The timinginformation can be derived from a source time reference at the sourcenode, e.g., a GPS clock. A destination time reference, e.g., the GPSclock, at the destination node is used to determine propagation delaysE-H based on time stamps A-D. For example, assuming time stamps A-Brespectively convey conveys times T0 for watermark A, T1 for watermarkB, T2 for watermark C and T3 for watermark D, the reception time ofwatermark A would be T0+Delay E, the reception time of watermark B wouldbe T1+Delay F, the reception time of watermark C would be T2+Delay G,the reception time of watermark D would be T3+Delay H. Since the timesT0-T3 are conveyed by time stamps in watermarks A-D, the delays E-F canbe determined at the destination based on the destination node timereference. These delays are then used to is used to synchronize metadataassociated with specific frames at the source node with metadataassociated with the same specific frames at the destination node. In thearrangement shown in FIG. 11, the watermarks are transmitted with thestream in-band.

In another embodiment, the generated markers at the source node containmetadata comprising messages conveying timing information transmittedout-of-band. Such timing information can be used to address correctvideo frame locations or positions at destination nodes. According toone embodiment, metadata is associated with a video stream at the sourcenode. The source node then transmits to the destination node the videostream in-band and the associated metadata out-of-band, where themetadata is received at the destination node before the video arrives.When the video arrives at the destination node the received metadata canbe inserted frame accurately based on conveyed timing information. Inthis case, the received metadata at the destination node can befingerprints or markers, e.g., SCTE markers, etc.

In still another embodiment, a used marking format according to thepresent invention generates markers that contain metadata messagesconveying frame correction information in the augmented streams at asource node where a watermark is used to correct the timing ofincorrectly inserted metadata, such as SCTE markers in audiovisualcontent. Such frame correction information provided by a source node canbe derived based on configurations specified by a system administratoror an operator of a production system that controls programming ofcontent.

During production of programs according to the present invention, timinginformation provided by markers and temporal video fingerprints can beused alone or together in the augmented streams. A program can be anyone or combination of streamed content used for consumption by anyaudience, user, viewer, subscriber, etc. Systems used in production,post-processing, and distribution of programs through streaming areknown. Also known are streaming services used for delivering video/audiodata to consumers via the Internet (or other networks). Typically, theseservices employ media servers that divide programs into segments, encodeeach segment, and transport encoded segments to client devices over awide variety of transport protocols. The client devices receive thetransported segments, decode the segments, and present the decodedsegments in appropriate formats to consumers, including viewers ofmulti-media streams. Video and audio codec formats refer to technologiesused to both create and play back digital video and audio. Each formatspecifies how video and audio is combined. Video transcoding, sometimescalled video encoding, is conversion from one digital encoding format toanother, such as for movie data files. Video transcoding involvestranslating three elements of a digital video at the same time—the fileformat, the video, and the audio. A video engine is underlying code usedto support High Definition (HD) recording, playback, and editing.

Video on demand (VOD) is a known distribution service employed by suchcompanies as Netflix, Apple, etc. who are owners or publishers ofstreams conveyed to subscribers. VOD allows such subscribers to accessmulti-media streams without the constraints of static broadcastingschedules. Also known is live streaming of public or private programswhere content originated at venues, such as stadiums, offices, concerthalls, TV studios, etc. are transmitted to viewers in real time usingthe Internet. In streaming deployments that use the Internet Protocol(IP), it is known to route packetized streams for production beforedistributing the produced streams to viewers. Such production caninvolve insertion of information or metadata used to augment, identify,enrich, change, modify or qualify types of the streams, including by forexample inserting adverts, closed captioning or other content inspecific video frames.

Live streaming can, for example, be implemented over the Internet usingsystems and methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,851 issued to Amiret al. titled “System and method that routes flows via multicast flowtransport for groups”; U.S. Pat. No. 8,437,267 issued to Amir et al.titled “System and method for recovery of packets in overlay networks”;U.S. Pat. No. 8,619,775 issued to Amir et al. titled “Scalable flowtransport and delivery network and associated methods and systems”; U.S.Pat. No. 9,106,569 issued to Amir et al. titled “System and method thatroutes flows via multicast flow transport for groups”; and U.S. Pat. No.8,181,210 issued to Amir et al. titled “Method for delivery ofdeadline-driven content flows over a flow transport system thatinterfaces with a flow delivery system via a selected gateway.” Thesepatents which are owned by LTN Global Communications, Inc. of Columbia,Md., the assignee of the present application, are hereby incorporated byreference.

When streams are communicated between a source node and a destinationnode, they encounter a slew of transport obstacles like bandwidthfluctuations, packet losses, etc., which degrade streaming quality.Various transport protocols have been developed to improve the quality.For example, SRT is a transport protocol that delivers high-qualitystreams at low latency over noisy networks like the Internet. Theprotocol optimizes transport of streams over unpredictable networks byadapting to network conditions, minimizing packet loss and creating abetter viewing experience.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Live Streaming (HLS) is an HTTP-basedadaptive bitrate streaming communications protocol developed by Applefor implementation using web browsers executed in clients' devices. Forexample, when a client requests a stream such as by a click on ahyperlink, a browser sends a request message to a HTTP server for therequested stream. The server receives the request and sends a responsemessage with the stream to the browser. However, the HTTP servermaintains no information about the client, and if the client asks forthe same stream again, the server resends the stream. For this reason,HTTP is called a stateless protocol. HTTP can use both non-persistent orvolatile connections and persistent connections. A volatile connectionis a connection that is closed after a HTTP server sends a requestedstream to a client. In other words, the connection is used for onerequest and one response. With persistent connections, the HTTP serverleaves the connections open after sending the response and hencesubsequent requests and responses between the same client and server canbe exchanged. The server closes a connection only when it is not usedfor a certain configurable amount of time. HLS works by breaking theoverall stream into a sequence of small HTTP-based file downloads, eachdownload containing one short chunk of an overall potentially unboundedstream.

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a network protocol for deliveringstreams over IP networks. RTP is used in communication and entertainmentsystems that involve streaming and video teleconferencing. RTP typicallyruns over User Datagram Protocol (UDP). RTP is used in conjunction withthe RTP Control Protocol (RTCP). While RTP carries the streams, RTCP isused to monitor transmission statistics and quality of service (QoS) andaids synchronization of multiple streams. Real Time Streaming Protocol(RTSP) is a network control protocol designed for use in entertainmentand communications systems to control media servers. The protocol isused for establishing and controlling media sessions between endpoints.The transmission of streaming video/audio data itself is not a taskperformed by RTSP. Most RTSP servers use the RTP in conjunction withRTCP for streaming. One application of RTP is in Web Real-TimeCommunication (WebRTC), a free, open-Source project that provides webbrowsers and mobile applications with real-time communication (RTC) viaapplication programming interfaces (APIs). It allows for streaminginside web pages using direct peer-to-peer communication, therebyeliminating the need to install plugins or download native applications.

MPEG-2 transport stream [ISO/IEC 13818-1] (also known as transportstream, MPEG-TS, MPTS or TS) is a standard digital container format fortransmission and storage of audio, video, and Program and SystemInformation Protocol (PSIP) data. TS Streams, include Program SpecificInformation (PSI), can be transported over any packet switched networkor broadcast medium. TS is used by satellite, cable, terrestrial etc.PSI is a set of tables carrying the necessary information tode-multiplex and present programs, such as Program Mapping Table (PMT).

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), also known as MPEG-DASH, isan adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high qualitystreaming over the Internet. MPEG-DASH can be delivered fromconventional HTTP web servers. Like HLS, MPEG-DASH works by breaking thecontent into a sequence of small HTTP-based file segments with eachsegment containing a short interval of playback time of content that ispotentially many hours in duration, such as a movie or the livebroadcast of a sport events. The content is made available at a varietyof different bit rates, where alternative segments are encoded atdifferent bit rates covering aligned short intervals of playback time.MPEG-DASH allows devices like Internet-connected televisions, TV set-topboxes, desktop computers, smartphones, tablets, etc. to consumemulti-media content delivered over Internet, thereby coping withvariable Internet receiving conditions.

FIG. 12 shows implementation of content delivery in a video productionsystem, which receives streams, for example, bounded TS streams forprograms, or unbounded RTP-RTCP streams, or streams from an externaldevice. These received or incoming streams are ingested by media serversknown as ingest servers. According to the present invention, theingested streams are augmented using frame accurate markers and/ortemporal video fingerprints at source nodes before being sent todestination nodes in-band or out-of-band. Such destination nodes can beoutput devices, recorder devices or multi-view devices. For videoproduction, various systems, platforms, hardware, software, networks,facilities, etc., are required to develop, test, deliver, monitor,control or support streaming. In one embodiment, the video production isimplemented in IT infrastructure, where video streams are “ingested” bybringing them from multiple venues into a production platform. Theingest servers provide user interfaces in a flexible system and methodthat supports augmentation of streams in the cloud and allows for theextension of the platform without changing its structure. The systemsupports various transport formats as well as automated routing,monitoring and alerting.

FIG. 13 shows example implementation of the present invention in a VideoCloud (VC) platform used for production, post-processing, anddistribution of programs through streaming. One embodiment of the VCplatform can, for example, be implemented over the Internet usingsystems and methods is disclosed in a provisional application owned bythe assignee of the present application, namely, the U.S. provisionalapplication No. 63/018,969 filed on May 1, 2020, titled “A System andMethod That Uses Cloud Computing for Production of Programs Representedby Multi-Media Streams”, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The VC platform is managed by a system administrator who controls accessto databases as well as backend and frontend servers that form adatabase management system (DBMS) over a cloud computing network thatincludes the Internet. Such databases contain configuration informationused to augment streams according to the present invention. The VCplatform provides automated multi-media routing over various streamingformats, while supporting monitoring and alerting during productionprocess.

The VC platform is used by the system administrator and productionpersonnel, i.e., operators assigned by owners or publishers of streamswho are given privileges to perform administrative functions. The VCplatform is also used by contributors who are given privileges tocontribute streams, including owners or publishers of programs. Theadministrative functions performed by the operators include configuringthe VC platform to cause augmentation of received streams at inputs androuting augmented streams to outputs with in-band or out-of-bandsignaling. The administrative functions performed by the systemadministrator include controlling user access to the VC platform andmanaging membership of operators and contributors individually or inteams groups or sub-groups. Users of the VC platform can be productionpersonnel, i.e., operators, as well as contributors of streams to theplatform. For example, an operator can be a company doing a productionfor the owner or publisher of programs. Productions can be created bythe operators. In the VC platform, the operators can assign inputs andoutputs to a Production. Productions constructs provide structure,filtering, enabling or disabling input ports, and routing to outputports.

As used in this specification, the terms “component,” “system,”“platform,” “device,” “entity,” “node” and the like can refer to acomputer entity or an entity related to an operational machine with oneor more specific functionalities, such as encoder or transcoder ormarker or fingerprinting functionalities. The entities disclosed hereincan be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software,software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, butis not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor,an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or acomputer. By way of illustration, both an application running on aserver and the server can be a component. One or more components mayreside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component maybe localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. Also, these components can execute from various computerreadable media having various data structures stored thereon. Thecomponents may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as inaccordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., datafrom one component interacting with another component in a local system,distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet withother systems via the signal).

FIG. 13 shows video signals in various formats using different transportprotocols, e.g., TS, WebRTC, RTMP and SRT, being routed as streams tothe ingest servers over the Internet. As shown, teams of contributorscontribute WebRTC and SRT streams and a single contributor who is notpart of the team contributes an RTMP stream. A published or owner of aprogram can contribute streams using TS protocol. The ingested streamscan be sent to an output device, a recorder device or to a multi-viewdevice, which shows video images in what is known as tiles. In oneexample using MPEG-DASH over TS, the VC platform identifies variousaudiovisual object types using a universal unique identifier systemknown as EIDR, which identifies assets, owners/publishers, titles,edits, and collections, series, seasons, episodes, and clips. The VCplatform supports Electronic Programming Guides (EPGs) and InteractiveProgramming Guides (IPGs). In this example, TS streams that are routedto Ingest Servers include audio/video data and In-band (IB) metadataassociated with movies, newscasts, TV and sport programs etc. There areseveral industry standards well known in the art such as ANSI SCTE 35,ANSI SCTE 104, SMPTE 2010 and SMPTE 2038 that relate to in-band metadatasignaling.

Also routed are out-of-band (OOB) metadata, like PMT and EPG andmetadata messages used for augmentation of the received streams.Metadata can represent any kind of signaling data for example, signalingframe timings, frame positions or frame addresses, graphical overlays,tickers, events in programs (such as a goal scored in a soccer match),precise timing of events (e.g. start of a program, a chapter, an advert,an ad break, etc.), asset IDs (e.g. EIDR, Ad-ID), closed captions,statistical data about a program, e.g., a game, etc.

Users of the VC platform can access the platform under the control ofthe system administrator through a portal provided by a frontend serverat a URL, where users' log-in IDs and passwords can be entered. Oncelogged in, the web portal provides interfaces that enable the operatorsto configure various components of the VC platform to augment inputstreams according to the present invention. Configurable logicalcomponents of the platform are used for setting configurations forproducing augmented streams for different contributed steams. Inputs canbe persistent entities configured and managed via graphical userinterfaces or Application Programing Interfaces (APIs). Each inputstream can be associated with a “session tag” that creates a topicalconnection. Each session tag for streams is created by owner/publisherof streams, who has a unique identification (ID).

The operators manage streams using administration interfaces provided bythe frontend server. Under the control of the system administrator, theDBSM manages acceptance or admission of contributed streams andaugmenting and routing of outgoing streams, as well as recordings. Theingest servers and the operators determine which streams are selected tobe augmented by markers. For live video streaming, the ingest serversallow the operators to manage contributed streams and select the onesthat are to be augmented by markers based on configuration informationretained by the DBMS, where the backend servers access the database tostore and retrieve configuration parameters, IDs, attributes,predicates, routing rules, user profile data, etc.

Configuration predicates can be specified by an operator or the systemadministrator. In this way, the system administrator or operators canmanage sessions before streams are outputted for distribution. Thefrontend server displays all inputs that are associated with arespective session tag to the operators, who can view and manage streamacceptance and routing and configuration parameters, includingfunctions, conditions, user profiles, e.g., teams, groups, etc. Thebackend servers enable the operators to assign available input streamsto start a broadcast and trigger recording of streams using interfacesprovided by the frontend server. In this way, the operators can copylinks or embed marker codes to sessions for distribution.

FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of a video delivery system that usesmarkers to augment received streams, for example by inserting orreplacing advertised content in correct frames. Examples of such markersinclude video watermarks, SCTE-104 markers, SCTE-35 markers, or anyother type of frame accurate marker suitable for correcting metadataplacement or replacement errors in video streams.

A SCTE 104 metadata marker can be associated with a specific frame inthe audiovisual content by adding a message to a frame. The message caneither apply directly to the frame for example, indicating the start ofa program or it can be a number of frames in advance of the frame towhich it applies (known as pre-roll, which is typically 4-8 second), forexample the start of an ad break. A SCTE 35 metadata message in a TScarrying audiovisual content can also be associated with a specificvideo frame in the audiovisual content by adding a packet to the MPEG-2Transport stream with a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) of the video frameto which the metadata applies.

Referring to FIG. 14, a metadata can be implemented in a system in orderto insert metadata in watermarks, or SCTE markers used to mark inputstreams with watermarks that carry data. The data contained in thewatermarks can be formatted to contain unique identifiers. Suchidentified watermarks can be used to re-associate time with videoessence frame-accurately and provide basis for frame-accurateassociation of complete metadata sets. Another logical component of thesystem can be used to analyze metadata contained in the markers based onvarious system configurations applied to selected streams. Such analysisof watermarks for example can be used to cause placement or replacementof content, e.g., advertisement, or repositioning of an already insertedmarker. As shown in FIG. 14, an incoming stream from a live or recordedvideo source is applied to the metadata inserter, which is under thecontrol of an Automation/Playout block implemented in a logical systemcomponent.

The inserter can insert markers to correct metadata associated withadvertisement, closed captioning, etc. In one example, a metadatacontained in a watermark can be associated with an event that calls forperformance of a function to augment received video streams. Forexample, the inserted metadata can convey timing information used tocorrect metadata placement errors, thereby synchronizing contentplacement between a source node and a destination node. Such metadatacan be inserted by the Automation/Playout block into the visible part ofthe received streams. In an example that uses SCTE markers, theAutomation/Playout block marks video frames in the received streams withmarkers that delimit the advertisement using ancillary data. One suchancillary data is known ANC data, which is standardized by SMPTE. ANCdata are non-video information embedded within streams. Ancillary datacan be located in non-picture portions of horizontal scan lines. This isknown as horizontal ancillary data (HANC). Ancillary data can also belocated in non-picture regions of the frame. This is known as verticalancillary data (VANC). For example, the inserter inserts SCTE-104markers in the VANC using SMPTE standard.

A Traffic and Scheduling Management block creates the schedule in aplaylist running in a broadcast automation system, which associates thestart time of a program segment or other events such as anadvertisement, closed captions, etc. in a linear video signal by markingan accurate time (either timecode or wall clock time). The output of themetadata inserter is an stream with markers, such as digital watermarks,SCTE that contain temporal information or non-temporal information usedto enrich video streaming. According to still another embodiment of theinvention, a first set of metadata (e.g. watermarks) is used to corrector insert a second set of metadata that is potentially mistimed (e.g.SCTE) or absent.

For example, watermarks which identify addressable advertising segmentsare often specific to a single advertising video asset and will changeor completely go away once the advertising clip ends. The processes usedin the present invention read such watermark and become aware of itsintended playout time based on information received from thePlayout/Automation block for insertion by Inserter.

In one embodiment, a method for transmitting a video stream thatcontains video content from one or more source nodes to one or moredestination nodes receives the video stream at one or more source nodesand identifies one or more first metadata at the one or more sourcenodes. The video content comprises consecutive frames where one or morespecific frames at one or more source nodes is associated with theidentified one or more first metadata. Then one or more second metadatais associated with the one or more specific frames. Each second metadataconveys a timing information relating to a frame associated with a firstidentified metadata. In one example, the timing information can bederived from a time reference such as a GPS clock at a source node.

The video stream, the identified first metadata and the second metadatais transmitted from the one or more source nodes to one or moredestination nodes. The video stream, the first identified metadata andthe second metadata is received at the one or more destination nodes,before determining a delay at the at the one or more destination nodesbased the timing information conveyed by the second metadata. Forexample, the timing information can be compared with a time reference ata destination node to determine the delay. Based on the delay,association of the first identified metadata with the one or more framesof the video stream is modified at the one or more destination nodes.The delay can be used to synchronize metadata associated with specificframes at the one or more source nodes with metadata associated with thesame specific frames at the one or more destination nodes. The delay canbe determined based on a temporal video fingerprint that references thesecond metadata. Alternatively, the delay can be determined based on amarker that contains the second metadata. The marker can be a watermarkor a SCTE mark. In one example, the video stream can be transmittedin-band and the identified first metadata is transmitted out-of-band. Onanother example, the video stream and the identified first metadata areeither transmitted over the same channel or different channels.

In yet another example, SCTE 104 messages may be inserted in the wrongframe of video because the operation of the SCTE 104 injector card isnot frame accurate and results in a variance of +/−3 frames of video.Still another example is that the SCTE 35 packets produced during videocompression or transcoding processes are incorrectly processed by thecompression encoder/transcoder. Another example is that the clock on thebroadcast automation system is only accurate to the nearest second—andgiven that broadcast video can operate at frame rates in excess of 25frames per second—the error in timing a metadata message can be severalframes out. Let's suppose that the inserter inserts a SCTE 104 message 3frames early for the start of an ad break. Detecting that the scenechange based on video fingerprints associated with the actual start ofthe break occurs 3 frames after the SCTE 104 message means that there isa high probability that there has been an error for that particularmessage insertion and so the SCTE 104 message can be deleted and areplacement message inserted that identifies the frame where scenechange occurs.

Therefore, a method used for communicating a video stream that containvideo content comprising frames associated with metadata receives thevideo stream at a node. In one embodiment, the video stream is scannedfor a first set of metadata associated with one or more frames. Forexample, a SCTE marker can contain the first metadata in the first setof metadata. The video stream is also scanned for a second set ofmetadata associated with the one or more frames that are associated withthe first set of metadata. For example, a watermark can contains asecond metadata in the second set of metadata. In order to synchronizemetadata associated with specific frames at one or more source nodeswith metadata associated with the same specific frames at one or moredestination nodes, the association of the second set of metadata to thesame one or more frames is modified as determined by association of thefirst set of metadata.

In still another embodiment, a method used for communicating a videostream that contain video content comprising frames associated withmetadata receives the video stream at a node. The node is configured toscan the video stream for a first set of metadata associated with one ormore frames. For example, a SCTE marker can contain a first metadata inthe first set of metadata. A second set of metadata associated to thesame one or more frames is then inserted as determined by association ofthe first set of metadata. The insertion synchronizes metadataassociated with specific frames at one or more source nodes withmetadata associated with the same specific frames at one or moredestination nodes.

As stated above, the metadata or markers do not need to be carriedin-band with the stream. The metadata can be delivered out-of-band to adownstream processing point, for example, during ad or close captioninsertion, before the video itself arrives. This is because very smallamount out-of-band metadata is transmitted and not processed which meansthe propagation delay will be shorter compared to the video duringdistribution which is often delayed a number of seconds due to videoprocessing and transcoding in distribution systems. Therefore, temporalfingerprinting for scene change detection can be used as long as theprocessing and propagation delay of the video is longer than thepropagation time of the scene change detection as reflected in metadata.In this way, errors in metadata timing assertions can be correctedwithout adding any additional delay to the video. This is a verysignificant additional benefit especially for live sports and news. Themechanism works for file-based workflows as well.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method used for transmitting a videostream that contains video content from one or more source nodes to oneor more destination nodes, wherein the video content comprisesconsecutive frames, the method comprising: receiving the video stream atthe one or more source nodes; scanning the video content for visualtransitions within the video content between the consecutive frames,each transition indicating significant visual transitions relative toother frames of the video stream; retrieving a different time for eachvisual transition to timestamp each visual transition and create a setof temporal video fingerprints, each of the set of temporal videofingerprints being relative to a different visual transition andretrieved time; identifying items of metadata to be associated withspecific frames of video within the video stream at the one or moresource nodes; identifying a location of a frame within the video streamusing the temporal video fingerprints for the identified items ofmetadata at the one or more source nodes; generating a metadata indexidentifying each item of metadata and a location for each item ofmetadata relative to a frame in the video stream using at least one ofthe temporal video fingerprints; transmitting the video stream from theone or more source nodes to the one or more destination nodes in-band;and transmitting the set of temporal video fingerprints and the metadataindex from the one or more source nodes to the one or more destinationnodes out-of-band.
 2. The methods of claim 1, wherein the video streamand the set of temporal video fingerprints and the metadata index areeither transmitted over the same channel or different channels.
 3. Themethods of claim 1, wherein the timestamp of each visual transition isused to determine a delay at the one or more destination nodes.
 4. Themethods of claim 3, wherein the delay is used to synchronize items ofmetadata associated with specific frames at the one or more source nodeswith items of metadata associated with the same specific frames at theone or more destination nodes.
 5. A method used for transmitting a videostream that contains video content from one or more source nodes to oneor more destination nodes, wherein the video content comprisesconsecutive frames, the method comprising: receiving the video stream atthe one or more source nodes; identifying one or more first metadata atthe one or more source nodes; associating the identified one or morefirst metadata with one or more specific frames at one or more sourcenodes; associating one or more second metadata with the one or morespecific frames, wherein a second metadata conveys a timing informationrelating to a frame associated with a first identified metadata;transmitting the video stream, the identified first metadata and thesecond metadata from the one or more source nodes to one or moredestination nodes; receiving the video stream, the first identifiedmetadata and the second metadata at the one or more destination nodes;determining a delay at the at the one or more destination nodes basedthe timing information conveyed by the second metadata; and based on thedelay, modifying association of the first identified metadata with theone or more frames of the video stream at the one or more destinationnodes.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the delay is determined basedon a temporal video fingerprint that references the second metadata. 7.The method of claim 5, wherein the delay is determined based on a markerthat contains the second metadata.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein themarker comprises a watermark or a SCTE mark.
 9. The method of claim 5,wherein the timing information is derived from a GPS clock at a sourcenode.
 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the timing information iscompared with a time reference at a destination node to determine thedelay.
 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the video stream istransmitted in-band and the identified first metadata is transmittedout-of-band.
 12. The methods of claim 11, wherein the video stream andthe identified first metadata are either transmitted over the samechannel or different channels.
 13. The methods of claim 5, wherein thedelay is used to synchronize metadata associated with specific frames atthe one or more source nodes with metadata associated with the samespecific frames at the one or more destination nodes.
 14. A method usedfor communicating a video stream that contains video content, whereinthe video content comprises frames associated with metadata, the methodcomprising: receiving the video stream from a at a node configured to:scan the video content for transitions between consecutive frames, eachtransition indicating significant visual transition relative to otherframes of the video data; scan the video stream for identified metadataassociated with one or more specific frames; and modify the associationof the identified metadata to the same one or more specific frames basedon significant visual transitions, wherein the modification synchronizesmetadata associated with specific frames at one or more source nodeswith metadata associated with the same specific frames at one or moredestination nodes.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein scanning thevideo content for visual transitions of significance within the videocontent comprises calculating histograms STREAM=(h₀, h₁ . . . h_(n)) forevery chroma/luma/color channel where n is the number of possible pixelbrightness levels for the particular channel and h_(i) is the count ofpixels with value i in each frame of video, calculating a sum ofabsolute differences (SAD) between histogram vectors of every pair ofadjacent frames to generate resulting values, and comparing theresulting values to a threshold to identify at least one visualtransition of significance within the video content.
 16. A method usedfor communicating a video stream that contains video content, whereinthe video content comprises frames associated with metadata, the methodcomprising: receiving the video stream at a node, which is configuredto: scan the video stream for a first set of metadata associated withone or more frames; scan the video stream for a second set of metadataassociated with the one or more frames that are associated with thefirst set of metadata; and modify the association of the second set ofmetadata to the same one or more frames as determined by association ofthe first set of metadata, wherein the modification synchronizesmetadata associated with specific frames at one or more source nodeswith metadata associated with the same specific frames at one or moredestination nodes.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein a SCTE markercontains a first metadata in the first set of metadata and a watermarkcontains a second metadata in the second set of metadata.
 18. A methodused for communicating a video stream that contain video content,wherein the video content comprises frames associated with metadata, themethod comprising: receiving the video stream at a node, which isconfigured to: scan the video stream for a first set of metadataassociated with one or more frames; and insert a second set of metadataassociated to the same one or more frames as determined by associationof the first set of metadata, wherein the insertion synchronizesmetadata associated with specific frames at one or more source nodeswith metadata associated with the same specific frames at one or moredestination nodes.
 19. The methods of claim 18, wherein a SCTE markercontains a first metadata in the first set of metadata and a watermarkcontains a second metadata in the second set of metadata.